%s      the uninterpreted bytes of the string or slice
        %q      a double-quoted string safely escaped with Go syntax
        %x      base 16, lower-case, two characters per byte
        %X      base 16, upper-case, two characters per byte

    Pointer:

        %p      base 16 notation, with leading 0x

    The default format for %v is:

        bool:                    %t
        int, int8 etc.:          %d
        uint, uint8 etc.:        %d, %#x if printed with %#v
        float32, complex64, etc: %g
        string:                  %s
        chan:                    %p
        pointer:                 %p

    For compound objects, the elements are printed using these rules,
    recursively, laid out like this:

        struct:             {field0 field1 ...}
        array, slice:       [elem0 elem1 ...]
        maps:               map[key1:value1 key2:value2]
        pointer to above:   &{}, &[], &map[]

    Width is specified by an optional decimal number immediately preceding
    the verb. If absent, the width is whatever is necessary to represent the
    value. Precision is specified after the (optional) width by a period
    followed by a decimal number. If no period is present, a default
    precision is used. A period with no following number specifies a
    precision of zero. Examples:

        %f     default width, default precision
        %9f    width 9, default precision
        %.2f   default width, precision 2
        %9.2f  width 9, precision 2
        %9.f   width 9, precision 0

    Width and precision are measured in units of Unicode code points, that
    is, runes. (This differs from C's printf where the units are always
    measured in bytes.) Either or both of the flags may be replaced with the
    character '*', causing their values to be obtained from the next
    operand, which must be of type int.

    For most values, width is the minimum number of runes to output, padding
    the formatted form with spaces if necessary.

    For strings, byte slices and byte arrays, however, precision limits the
    length of the input to be formatted (not the size of the output),
    truncating if necessary. Normally it is measured in runes, but for these
    types when formatted with the %x or %X format it is measured in bytes.

    For floating-point values, width sets the minimum width of the field and
    precision sets the number of places after the decimal, if appropriate,
    except that for %g/%G precision sets the total number of significant
    digits. For example, given 12.345 the format %6.3f prints 12.345 while
    %.3g prints 12.3. The default precision for %e, %f and %#g is 6; for %g
    it is the smallest number of digits necessary to identify the value
    uniquely.

    For complex numbers, the width and precision apply to the two components
    independently and the result is parenthesized, so %f applied to 1.2+3.4i
    produces (1.200000+3.400000i).

    Other flags:

        +       always print a sign for numeric values;
                guarantee ASCII-only output for %q (%+q)
        -       pad with spaces on the right rather than the left (left-justify the field)
        #       alternate format: add leading 0 for octal (%#o), 0x for hex (%#x);
                0X for hex (%#X); suppress 0x for %p (%#p);
                for %q, print a raw (backquoted) string if strconv.CanBackquote
                returns true;
                always print a decimal point for %e, %E, %f, %F, %g and %G;
                do not remove trailing zeros for %g and %G;
                write e.g. U+0078 'x' if the character is printable for %U (%#U).
        ' '     (space) leave a space for elided sign in numbers (% d);
                put spaces between bytes printing strings or slices in hex (% x, % X)
        0       pad with leading zeros rather than spaces;
                for numbers, this moves the padding after the sign

    Flags are ignored by verbs that do not expect them. For example there is
    no alternate decimal format, so %#d and %d behave identically.

    For each Printf-like function, there is also a Print function that takes
    no format and is equivalent to saying %v for every operand. Another
    variant Println inserts blanks between operands and appends a newline.

    Regardless of the verb, if an operand is an interface value, the
    internal concrete value is used, not the interface itself. Thus:

        var i interface{} = 23
        fmt.Printf("%v\n", i)

    will print 23.

    Except when printed using the verbs %T and %p, special formatting
    considerations apply for operands that implement certain interfaces. In
    order of application:

    1. If the operand is a reflect.Value, the operand is replaced by the
    concrete value that it holds, and printing continues with the next rule.

    2. If an operand implements the Formatter interface, it will be invoked.
    Formatter provides fine control of formatting.

    3. If the %v verb is used with the # flag (%#v) and the operand
    implements the GoStringer interface, that will be invoked.

    If the format (which is implicitly %v for Println etc.) is valid for a
    string (%s %q %v %x %X), the following two rules apply:

    4. If an operand implements the error interface, the Error method will
    be invoked to convert the object to a string, which will then be
    formatted as required by the verb (if any).

    5. If an operand implements method String() string, that method will be
    invoked to convert the object to a string, which will then be formatted
    as required by the verb (if any).

    For compound operands such as slices and structs, the format applies to
    the elements of each operand, recursively, not to the operand as a
    whole. Thus %q will quote each element of a slice of strings, and %6.2f
    will control formatting for each element of a floating-point array.

    However, when printing a byte slice with a string-like verb (%s %q %x
    %X), it is treated identically to a string, as a single item.

    To avoid recursion in cases such as

        type X string
        func (x X) String() string { return Sprintf("<%s>", x) }

    convert the value before recurring:

        func (x X) String() string { return Sprintf("<%s>", string(x)) }

    Infinite recursion can also be triggered by self-referential data
    structures, such as a slice that contains itself as an element, if that
    type has a String method. Such pathologies are rare, however, and the
    package does not protect against them.

    When printing a struct, fmt cannot and therefore does not invoke
    formatting methods such as Error or String on unexported fields.

    Explicit argument indexes:

    In Printf, Sprintf, and Fprintf, the default behavior is for each
    formatting verb to format successive arguments passed in the call.
    However, the notation [n] immediately before the verb indicates that the
    nth one-indexed argument is to be formatted instead. The same notation
    before a '*' for a width or precision selects the argument index holding
    the value. After processing a bracketed expression [n], subsequent verbs
    will use arguments n+1, n+2, etc. unless otherwise directed.

    For example,

        fmt.Sprintf("%[2]d %[1]d\n", 11, 22)

    will yield "22 11", while

        fmt.Sprintf("%[3]*.[2]*[1]f", 12.0, 2, 6)

    equivalent to

        fmt.Sprintf("%6.2f", 12.0)

    will yield " 12.00". Because an explicit index affects subsequent verbs,
    this notation can be used to print the same values multiple times by
    resetting the index for the first argument to be repeated:

        fmt.Sprintf("%d %d %#[1]x %#x", 16, 17)

    will yield "16 17 0x10 0x11".

    Format errors:

    If an invalid argument is given for a verb, such as providing a string
    to %d, the generated string will contain a description of the problem,
    as in these examples:

        Wrong type or unknown verb: %!verb(type=value)
                Printf("%d", hi):          %!d(string=hi)
        Too many arguments: %!(EXTRA type=value)
                Printf("hi", "guys"):      hi%!(EXTRA string=guys)
        Too few arguments: %!verb(MISSING)
                Printf("hi%d"):            hi%!d(MISSING)
        Non-int for width or precision: %!(BADWIDTH) or %!(BADPREC)
                Printf("%*s", 4.5, "hi"):  %!(BADWIDTH)hi
                Printf("%.*s", 4.5, "hi"): %!(BADPREC)hi
        Invalid or invalid use of argument index: %!(BADINDEX)
                Printf("%*[2]d", 7):       %!d(BADINDEX)
                Printf("%.[2]d", 7):       %!d(BADINDEX)

    All errors begin with the string "%!" followed sometimes by a single
    character (the verb) and end with a parenthesized description.

    If an Error or String method triggers a panic when called by a print
    routine, the fmt package reformats the error message from the panic,
    decorating it with an indication that it came through the fmt package.
    For example, if a String method calls panic("bad"), the resulting
    formatted message will look like

        %!s(PANIC=bad)

    The %!s just shows the print verb in use when the failure occurred. If
    the panic is caused by a nil receiver to an Error or String method,
    however, the output is the undecorated string, "<nil>".


    Scanning

    An analogous set of functions scans formatted text to yield values.
    Scan, Scanf and Scanln read from os.Stdin; Fscan, Fscanf and Fscanln
    read from a specified io.Reader; Sscan, Sscanf and Sscanln read from an
    argument string.

    Scan, Fscan, Sscan treat newlines in the input as spaces.

    Scanln, Fscanln and Sscanln stop scanning at a newline and require that
    the items be followed by a newline or EOF.

    Scanf, Fscanf, and Sscanf parse the arguments according to a format
    string, analogous to that of Printf. In the text that follows, 'space'
    means any Unicode whitespace character except newline.

    In the format string, a verb introduced by the % character consumes and
    parses input; these verbs are described in more detail below. A
    character other than %, space, or newline in the format consumes exactly
    that input character, which must be present. A newline with zero or more
    spaces before it in the format string consumes zero or more spaces in
    the input followed by a single newline or the end of the input. A space
    following a newline in the format string consumes zero or more spaces in
    the input. Otherwise, any run of one or more spaces in the format string
    consumes as many spaces as possible in the input. Unless the run of
    spaces in the format string appears adjacent to a newline, the run must
    consume at least one space from the input or find the end of the input.

    The handling of spaces and newlines differs from that of C's scanf
    family: in C, newlines are treated as any other space, and it is never
    an error when a run of spaces in the format string finds no spaces to
    consume in the input.

    The verbs behave analogously to those of Printf. For example, %x will
    scan an integer as a hexadecimal number, and %v will scan the default
    representation format for the value. The Printf verbs %p and %T and the
    flags # and + are not implemented, and the verbs %e %E %f %F %g and %G
    are all equivalent and scan any floating-point or complex value.

    Input processed by verbs is implicitly space-delimited: the
    implementation of every verb except %c starts by discarding leading
    spaces from the remaining input, and the %s verb (and %v reading into a
    string) stops consuming input at the first space or newline character.

    The familiar base-setting prefixes 0 (octal) and 0x (hexadecimal) are
    accepted when scanning integers without a format or with the %v verb.

    Width is interpreted in the input text but there is no syntax for
    scanning with a precision (no %5.2f, just %5f). If width is provided, it
    applies after leading spaces are trimmed and specifies the maximum
    number of runes to read to satisfy the verb. For example,

        Sscanf(" 1234567 ", "%5s%d", &s, &i)

    will set s to "12345" and i to 67 while

        Sscanf(" 12 34 567 ", "%5s%d", &s, &i)

    will set s to "12" and i to 34.

    In all the scanning functions, a carriage return followed immediately by
    a newline is treated as a plain newline (\r\n means the same as \n).

    In all the scanning functions, if an operand implements method Scan
    (that is, it implements the Scanner interface) that method will be used
    to scan the text for that operand. Also, if the number of arguments
    scanned is less than the number of arguments provided, an error is
    returned.

    All arguments to be scanned must be either pointers to basic types or
    implementations of the Scanner interface.

    Like Scanf and Fscanf, Sscanf need not consume its entire input. There
    is no way to recover how much of the input string Sscanf used.

    Note: Fscan etc. can read one character (rune) past the input they
    return, which means that a loop calling a scan routine may skip some of
    the input. This is usually a problem only when there is no space between
    input values. If the reader provided to Fscan implements ReadRune, that
    method will be used to read characters. If the reader also implements
    UnreadRune, that method will be used to save the character and
    successive calls will not lose data. To attach ReadRune and UnreadRune
    methods to a reader without that capability, use bufio.NewReader.

FUNCTIONS

func Errorf(format string, a ...interface{}) error
    Errorf formats according to a format specifier and returns the string as
    a value that satisfies error.

func Fprint(w io.Writer, a ...interface{}) (n int, err error)
    Fprint formats using the default formats for its operands and writes to
    w. Spaces are added between operands when neither is a string. It
    returns the number of bytes written and any write error encountered.

func Fprintf(w io.Writer, format string, a ...interface{}) (n int, err error)
    Fprintf formats according to a format specifier and writes to w. It
    returns the number of bytes written and any write error encountered.

func Fprintln(w io.Writer, a ...interface{}) (n int, err error)
    Fprintln formats using the default formats for its operands and writes
    to w. Spaces are always added between operands and a newline is
    appended. It returns the number of bytes written and any write error
    encountered.

func Fscan(r io.Reader, a ...interface{}) (n int, err error)
    Fscan scans text read from r, storing successive space-separated values
    into successive arguments. Newlines count as space. It returns the
    number of items successfully scanned. If that is less than the number of
    arguments, err will report why.

func Fscanf(r io.Reader, format string, a ...interface{}) (n int, err error)
    Fscanf scans text read from r, storing successive space-separated values
    into successive arguments as determined by the format. It returns the
    number of items successfully parsed. Newlines in the input must match
    newlines in the format.

func Fscanln(r io.Reader, a ...interface{}) (n int, err error)
    Fscanln is similar to Fscan, but stops scanning at a newline and after
    the final item there must be a newline or EOF.

func Print(a ...interface{}) (n int, err error)
    Print formats using the default formats for its operands and writes to
    standard output. Spaces are added between operands when neither is a
    string. It returns the number of bytes written and any write error
    encountered.

func Printf(format string, a ...interface{}) (n int, err error)
    Printf formats according to a format specifier and writes to standard
    output. It returns the number of bytes written and any write error
    encountered.

func Println(a ...interface{}) (n int, err error)
    Println formats using the default formats for its operands and writes to
    standard output. Spaces are always added between operands and a newline
    is appended. It returns the number of bytes written and any write error
    encountered.

func Scan(a ...interface{}) (n int, err error)
    Scan scans text read from standard input, storing successive
    space-separated values into successive arguments. Newlines count as
    space. It returns the number of items successfully scanned. If that is
    less than the number of arguments, err will report why.

func Scanf(format string, a ...interface{}) (n int, err error)
    Scanf scans text read from standard input, storing successive
    space-separated values into successive arguments as determined by the
    format. It returns the number of items successfully scanned. If that is
    less than the number of arguments, err will report why. Newlines in the
    input must match newlines in the format. The one exception: the verb %c
    always scans the next rune in the input, even if it is a space (or tab
    etc.) or newline.

func Scanln(a ...interface{}) (n int, err error)
    Scanln is similar to Scan, but stops scanning at a newline and after the
    final item there must be a newline or EOF.

func Sprint(a ...interface{}) string
    Sprint formats using the default formats for its operands and returns
    the resulting string. Spaces are added between operands when neither is
    a string.

func Sprintf(format string, a ...interface{}) string
    Sprintf formats according to a format specifier and returns the
    resulting string.

func Sprintln(a ...interface{}) string
    Sprintln formats using the default formats for its operands and returns
    the resulting string. Spaces are always added between operands and a
    newline is appended.

func Sscan(str string, a ...interface{}) (n int, err error)
    Sscan scans the argument string, storing successive space-separated
    values into successive arguments. Newlines count as space. It returns
    the number of items successfully scanned. If that is less than the
    number of arguments, err will report why.

func Sscanf(str string, format string, a ...interface{}) (n int, err error)
    Sscanf scans the argument string, storing successive space-separated
    values into successive arguments as determined by the format. It returns
    the number of items successfully parsed. Newlines in the input must
    match newlines in the format.

func Sscanln(str string, a ...interface{}) (n int, err error)
    Sscanln is similar to Sscan, but stops scanning at a newline and after
    the final item there must be a newline or EOF.

TYPES

type Formatter interface {
    Format(f State, c rune)
}
    Formatter is the interface implemented by values with a custom
    formatter. The implementation of Format may call Sprint(f) or Fprint(f)
    etc. to generate its output.

type GoStringer interface {
    GoString() string
}
    GoStringer is implemented by any value that has a GoString method, which
    defines the Go syntax for that value. The GoString method is used to
    print values passed as an operand to a %#v format.

type ScanState interface {
    // ReadRune reads the next rune (Unicode code point) from the input.
    // If invoked during Scanln, Fscanln, or Sscanln, ReadRune() will
    // return EOF after returning the first '\n' or when reading beyond
    // the specified width.
    ReadRune() (r rune, size int, err error)
    // UnreadRune causes the next call to ReadRune to return the same rune.
    UnreadRune() error
    // SkipSpace skips space in the input. Newlines are treated appropriately
    // for the operation being performed; see the package documentation
    // for more information.
    SkipSpace()
    // Token skips space in the input if skipSpace is true, then returns the
    // run of Unicode code points c satisfying f(c).  If f is nil,
    // !unicode.IsSpace(c) is used; that is, the token will hold non-space
    // characters. Newlines are treated appropriately for the operation being
    // performed; see the package documentation for more information.
    // The returned slice points to shared data that may be overwritten
    // by the next call to Token, a call to a Scan function using the ScanState
    // as input, or when the calling Scan method returns.
    Token(skipSpace bool, f func(rune) bool) (token []byte, err error)
    // Width returns the value of the width option and whether it has been set.
    // The unit is Unicode code points.
    Width() (wid int, ok bool)
    // Because ReadRune is implemented by the interface, Read should never be
    // called by the scanning routines and a valid implementation of
    // ScanState may choose always to return an error from Read.
    Read(buf []byte) (n int, err error)
}
    ScanState represents the scanner state passed to custom scanners.
    Scanners may do rune-at-a-time scanning or ask the ScanState to discover
    the next space-delimited token.

type Scanner interface {
    Scan(state ScanState, verb rune) error
}
    Scanner is implemented by any value that has a Scan method, which scans
    the input for the representation of a value and stores the result in the
    receiver, which must be a pointer to be useful. The Scan method is
    called for any argument to Scan, Scanf, or Scanln that implements it.

type State interface {
    // Write is the function to call to emit formatted output to be printed.
    Write(b []byte) (n int, err error)
    // Width returns the value of the width option and whether it has been set.
    Width() (wid int, ok bool)
    // Precision returns the value of the precision option and whether it has been set.
    Precision() (prec int, ok bool)

    // Flag reports whether the flag c, a character, has been set.
    Flag(c int) bool
}
    State represents the printer state passed to custom formatters. It
    provides access to the io.Writer interface plus information about the
    flags and options for the operand's format specifier.

type Stringer interface {
    String() string
}
    Stringer is implemented by any value that has a String method, which
    defines the ``native'' format for that value. The String method is used
    to print values passed as an operand to any format that accepts a string
    or to an unformatted printer such as Print.